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Kiev Pogrom (1881)
The Kiev pogrom of 1881 lasted for three days. It began on 26 April (7 May), 1881 the city of Kiev itself and spread to villages in the surrounding region. The sporadic violence continued until winter. The Kiev pogrom is considered the worst of the pogroms that swept through south-western Imperial Russia in 1881.〔(Pogrom (Virtual Jewish Encyclopedia ) 〕 Pogroms continued on through the summer, spreading across the territory of modern-day Ukraine including Podolie Governorate, Volyn Governorate, Chernigov Governorate, Yekaterinoslav Governorate, and others.〔(Pogrom ), based on Alina Cała, Hanna Węgrzynek, Gabriela Zalewska, "Historia i kultura Żydów polskich. Słownik", WSiP. 〕 Notably, the tsarist authorities made no attempt to stop it.〔Eurêka, ( Anti-Semitism In Russia ) ''Eurêka, the 21st Century Guide to Knowledge''.〕
The direct trigger for the pogrom in Kiev, as in other places, was the assassination of Tsar Alexander II on 1 March (13 March) 1881, for which the instigators blamed the Russian Jews,〔''Jewish Chronicle'', May 6, 1881, cited in Benjamin Blech, ''Eyewitness to Jewish History''〕 nevertheless, the Southern-Russian Workers’ Union substantially contributed to the spread and continuation of violence by printing and mass distributing a leaflet which read:
The extent to which the Russian press was responsible for encouraging perceptions of the assassination as a Jewish act has been disputed.〔Stephen M Berk, ''Year of Crisis, Year of Hope: Russian Jewry and the Pogroms of 1881–1882'' (Greenwood, 1985), pp. 54–55.〕 Local economic conditions (such as ancestral debts owed to moneylenders) are thought to have contributed significantly to the rioting, especially with regard to the participation of the business competitors of local Jews and the participation of railroad workers. It has been argued that this was actually more important than rumours of Jewish responsibility for the death of the Tsar.〔I. Michael Aronson, "Geographical and Socioeconomic Factors in the 1881 Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Russia", ''Russian Review'', Vol. 39, No. 1. (Jan., 1980), pp. 18–31〕 These rumours, however, were clearly of some importance, if only as a trigger, and they drew upon a small kernel of truth: one of the close associates of the assassins, Gesya Gelfman, was born into a Jewish home. The fact that the other assassins were all atheists and that the wider Jewish community had nothing to do with the assassination had little impact on the spread of such antisemitic rumours. Nonetheless, the assassination inspired "retaliatory" attacks on Jewish communities. During these pogroms thousands of Jewish homes were destroyed, many families were reduced to poverty, and large numbers of men, women, and children were injured in 166 towns in the southwest provinces of the Empire.〔The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, ( Pogroms in the Russian Empire ) 2010, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research.〕
==Notes and references==
he:הסופות בנגב
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